Morton Feldman ‎- Rothko Chapel / Why Patterns? (1991)

Morton Feldman (1926-1987) - Kompozytor, jedna z najważniejszych postaci nowojorskiej awangardy muzycznej. W wieku 12 lat uczył się gry na fortepianie u Very Mauriny Press, uczennicy Busoniego. Jego pierwszym nauczycielem kompozycji byli Wallingford Riegger, zwolennik Arnolda Schönberga oraz Stefan Wolpe, który sam pobierał lekcje u Franza Schrekera i Antona Weberna. W roku 1949 poznał Johna Cage’a, który zachęcał Feldmana do rozwijania jego intuicyjnego podejścia do kompozycji. W kręgu jego nowojorskich znajomych znaleźli się także Earle Brown, Christian Wolff, Virgil Thomson, Henry Cowell, George Antheil, malarze – Mark Rothko i Jackson Pollock oraz pianista David Tudor. Kontakty z malarzami zaowocowały m.in. próbami tworzenia graficznej notacji utworów, w której wiele decyzji zależy od konkretnego wykonawcy. W 1973 roku Feldman otrzymuje posadę na University of New York w Buffalo i piastuje ją do końca życia. Jego utwory cechują się bardzo powolnym przebiegiem, wyciszoną dynamiką, swobodną rytmiką, rozchwianiem wysokości, a często, zwłaszcza pod koniec lat 70. także bardzo długimi rozmiarami.

Morton Feldman was a unique and influential American composer. His experimentation with non-traditional notation, improvisation, and timbre led to a characteristic style that emphasized isolated and usually quiet points or moments of sound. His work with John Cage and his association with the avant-garde of American painters, including Pollock, Rauschenberg, and Rothko helped him to discard traditional music aesthetics for a less ordered and more intuitive, "moment form" approach to structure. His earlier work of the 1950s utilized graphic notation in which only approximate indications were given to the performers. This eventually proved unsatisfactory to Feldman because it allowed for non-idiomatic, uncontrolled improvisation. Throughout the decade, he experimented with different versions of notation that gave varying amounts of freedom to the performers. The first experiment was to abolish rhythmic notation altogether. The pitches were specified exactly with open note heads, but all other elements were left entirely up to the performers. The second experiment involved giving an identical written part to several players with the intention of producing "a series of reverberations from an identical sound source." A work that is indicative of this reverberation technique is the Piece for 4 Pianos (1957). Feldman's third innovation of this period was a variation on the first one. Once again, note durations were left up to the performers, but in this case, all other elements were notated precisely. In his Prince of Denmark (1964), for solo percussion, the graphic notation is a key that assists the performer in making their own version of the piece.

By 1970, using conventional notation, his distinctive doctrine of quietness, stillness and lack of dramatic rhetoric was fully in place. Feldman's best-known chamber works of this period include The Viola in My Life (1970-1971), Rothko Chapel (1971), and Why Patterns (1978). In his last compositions, Feldman became interested in the use of time and proportion. The resulting pieces became greatly expanded in scale, at least nine lasting more than ninety minutes. His composition For Philip Guston lasts four hours, and his String Quartet II can take up to six hours to perform. Yet even in his last works, Feldman's method is apparently intuitive, as he never admitted to, nor has any theorist been able to uncover, any systematic means of pitch selection.

Feldman's first teachers were Wallingford Riegger and Stefan Wolpe, but it was his meeting with John Cage in 1950 that set his entire future direction and musical aesthetic. Cage's circle of composers, which also included Christian Wolff and Earle Brown, combined with the influence of the visual artists that Feldman befriended, allowed him to develop his personal and instinctual method of composing. Feldman lived and worked in New York throughout most of his earlier creative career. In 1973, he was offered the Edgar Varèse Chair in composition at the University of New York at Buffalo, which he held until his death in 1987. (Steven Coburn)